Pre- pregnancy potato consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective cohort study. Abstract. Study question What is the association between potato consumption before pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)? Methods This prospective cohort study included 1. Nurses’ Health Study II (1. They had no previous GDM or chronic diseases before pregnancy. Consumption of potatoes and other foods was assessed every four years. Incident first time GDM was ascertained from self reports of a physician diagnosis of GDM, which was previously validated by medical records. Study answer and limitations Over the 1. GDM among 2. 1 6. After adjustment for age, parity, and dietary and non- dietary factors, women who consumed more potatoes before pregnancy had higher rates of developing GDM. Substitution of two servings a week of total potatoes with other vegetables, legumes, and whole grain foods was significantly associated with a 9- 1. GDM. Consumption and diabetes were self reported, and severity of diabetes was unknown. More than 9. 0% of women were white. A causal association cannot be assumed. What this paper adds Higher levels of potato consumption before pregnancy are associated with greater risk of GDM, and substitution of potatoes with other vegetables, legumes, or whole grain foods might lower the risk. Funding, competing interests, data sharing Funding was received from the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institutes of Health, and the American Diabetes Association (No 7- 1. MN- 3. 4). The authors have no competing interests or additional data to share. Introduction. Potatoes are the third most commonly consumed food crop in the world, after rice and wheat. In the United States, about 3. The health effects of potatoes are inconclusive,1. Nonetheless, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans continue to include potatoes in the vegetable food group and encourage consumption. Though potatoes are rich in vitamin C, potassium, dietary fiber, and some phytochemicals,6 unlike other vegetables they can have detrimental effects on glucose metabolism because they contain large amounts of rapidly absorbable starch. Indeed, several epidemiologic studies have linked higher potato consumption to increased concentrations of fasting plasma glucose,8 insulin resistance,8 and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy characterized by glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. GDM is not only associated with adverse perinatal outcomes,1. It is therefore crucial to identify modifiable risk factors that could contribute to the prevention of GDM. Previous studies have found that a diet with a higher glycemic index is related to higher plasma glucose and Hb. A1c concentrations during pregnancy. Kuikens of the World Unite! Blackjack casino astuce Joc farm frenzy russian roulette Casino soundtrack layla Download free roulette system The montreux jazz. Objective To determine whether higher intake of baked or boiled potatoes, French fries, or potato chips is associated with incidence of hypertension. Purpose and Disclaimer. The New World Before “Discovery,” and the First Contacts. GDM. 1. 6 The association between consumption of potatoes, a commonly consumed food with a high glycemic index, and GDM risk, remains unknown. Using data from a large prospective cohort study, we examined the association between potato consumption before pregnancy and risk of incident GDM. Methods. Study population. The Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) is an ongoing prospective cohort study of 1. The participants received a biennial questionnaire regarding disease outcomes and lifestyle behaviors, such as smoking status and medication use. Follow- up for each questionnaire cycle was greater than 9. We included participants from NHSII in this analysis if they reported at least one incident singleton pregnancy that lasted more than six months. The 1. 99. 1 questionnaire was the first time dietary information was captured. We therefore set this year as the baseline for this analysis and included only pregnancies occurring after the return of 1. The 2. 00. 1 questionnaire was the last time GDM was ascertained as most participants had passed reproductive age by then; thus, length follow- up of GDM was up to the return of the 2. Individual pregnancies were eligible if the woman did not report GDM in a previous pregnancy and had no prior diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer. We excluded pregnancies if the woman did not return at least one pre- pregnancy food frequency questionnaire, left more than 7. J/day, equivalent to < 6. We excluded women with GDM in a previous pregnancy because they might change their diet and lifestyle during the next pregnancy to prevent recurrence. Assessment of exposure. Beginning in 1. 99. The validity and reproducibility of the questionnaire are documented elsewhere. For potato consumption, we asked each participant how often, on average, they had consumed baked, boiled, or mashed potatoes (serving size: one baked or boiled or 2. L (equivalent to one cup) mashed) or French fries (serving size 1. The possible responses of frequency ranged from never or less than once/month to six or more times a day. In a previous validation study, the corrected correlations between the food frequency questionnaire and the diet records were 0. French fries. 2. 1 We summed consumptions of baked, boiled, or mashed potatoes and French fries as total potato consumption. In addition, we asked the participants their frequency of consumption of potato chips or corn chips (combined) during the previous year (serving size 2. Ascertainment of outcomes. The NHSII participants reported incident GDM on each biennial questionnaire through 2. For women who reported more than one pregnancy lasting more than six months within a two year questionnaire period, GDM status was attributed to the first pregnancy. In a prior validation study among a subgroup of the NHSII cohort, 9. GDM self reports were confirmed by medical records. In a random sample of parous women without GDM, 8. GDM surveillance in this cohort. During the period that GDM events were reported in the present study (1. National Diabetes Data Group criteria. GDM diagnosis. Assessment of covariates. Participants reported their height and weight in 1. In a previous validation study, self reported weight was highly correlated with weight measured by a technician (r=0. Body mass index (BMI) was computed as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Total physical activity was ascertained by frequency of engaging in common recreational activities, from which metabolic equivalent hours per week were derived. A prior validation study showed that questionnaire based estimates correlated well with detailed activity diaries (r=0. To account for potential confounding by the participants’ overall quality of diet, we derived a diet score—the alternate healthy eating index 2. AHEI- 2. 01. 0)—for each participant, as previously described. In brief, we allotted 0 to 1. The overall AHEI- 2. Statistical analysis. We calculated a cumulative average intake of potato consumption before pregnancy for each individual at each time period to reduce variation within individuals and to represent long term habitual pre- pregnancy diet. For instance, the 1. Descriptive statistics at baseline are presented as means (standard deviations) for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. To compare categories of pre- pregnancy potato consumption, we used analysis of variance test for continuous variables and . We used log- binomials models. Generalized estimating equations allowed us to account for correlations among repeated observations (pregnancies) contributed by a single participant. In a few instances, the log- binomials models did not converge, and we used log- Poisson models,2. Pre- pregnancy covariates in the multivariable models included age (continuous), parity (0, 1, 2, and . We additionally adjusted for biennially updated measures of BMI (< 2. BMI was entered into the model separately because it can also be an intermediate on the pathway between potato consumption and GDM risk. We derived covariates from the questionnaire preceding each pregnancy, except race/ethnicity and family history of diabetes, which were reported in 1. Categorical covariates included an indicator variable for missing data, if necessary. To tests for linear trends across categories of potato consumption we assigned the median intake for each category and fitted this as continuous variable in the models. In a sensitivity analysis for the tests of linear trends, we used the actual continuous amount of total potato consumption in the analysis. Don Rickles, Actor: Toy Story. After the Golden Era of Hollywood ended, Don Rickles is one man still living to tell his tales. One of the most respected talents in. Seamus Heaney is widely recognized as one of the major poets of the 20th century. A native of Northern Ireland, Heaney was raised in County Derry, and later lived for. James Danforth 'Dan' Quayle (born February 4, 1947) is an American politician. He was the 44th Vice President of the United States, serving during the term of. The Colorado Riverfront Trail System celebrates and preserves the cottonwood groves, wetlands, cattail marshes, gravel bars and islands ofthe Colorado (originally the. Kim Fields, Actress: The Facts of Life. Kim Fields was born on May 12, 1969 in New York City, New York, USA as Kim Victoria Fields. She is an actress and director. We estimated the effect of substituting two servings/week of total potatoes with the same serving amount of alternative foods (that is, other vegetables, legumes, or whole grain foods) by including both as continuous variables in the same multivariable model, which also contained non- dietary covariates and dietary covariates including total energy intake. We estimated relative risks and 9. We tested interactions between these factors and potato consumption by adding multiplicative interaction terms of the binary effect modifiers and continuous linear trend variables in the multivariable models. To assess the robustness of our findings, we performed a series of sensitivity analyses by using different modeling approaches. For instance, in a sensitivity analysis, we adjusted for individual food items related to diabetes (such as red meat, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and sugar sweetened beverages), instead of the AHEI diet quality score that represents a combination of individual food items as a dietary pattern. In addition, we performed a sensitivity analysis using the most recent data for potato consumption before pregnancy instead of the cumulative average intake as the exposure variable. We also conducted sensitivity analyses by adjusting for major covariates as more refined categories (such as tenths) or as continuous variables. Among the participants included in this analysis, less than 3% of covariate data were missing for a given variable. Collectively, only 4. The Top 1. 0 Gracies of All Time. Roger Gracie. In 2. Roger Gracie won the Abu Dhabi Submission Wrestling World Championship by submitting all eight opponents, something that had never been done before. The son of Reyla Gracie, Roger has racked up numerous first place finishes in jiu- jitsu tournaments around the world, and won his first MMA match in December 2. Ron . With his long limbs and prodigious command of BJJ, the young lion of the Gracie clan could become a major force in mixed martial arts. Ralph Gracie“The Pitbull” isn’t really built like one — he’s 5’9. But the nickname is justified by his aggressive approach, which deviates from the generally relaxed Gracie style. Brother to Renzo and the late Ryan, and the son of Robson, Ralph. He teaches and trains constantly now – and is kind of obsessive about it, as he was once quoted as saying, “It is better to die than not train.” Can we get a third option? Carlos Gracie, Jr. Son of BJJ co- creator Carlos Gracie, Carlos Jr. He devoted his life to instructing and training others rather than focusing on becoming a competitive fighter, teaching at his father’s school, his brother Rolls. The fact that he has been based in Brazil for much of his teaching career has kept him out of the public eye to some extent, and he’s often overlooked in discussions of notable Gracies; still, his contributions were crucial. Royler Gracie. Royler is the only person to win the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship three years in a row, and he has won it more than any other fighter in its history. Son of BJJ co- founder Helio and brother to Royce and Rickson, Royler’s also been the World Jiu Jitsu Champion four times. That said, his MMA record in sanctioned fights is 5- 4- 1 — not a stellar record for any fighter, let alone someone signing “Gracie” on his rent checks. He has deviated from the BJJ style a bit, which may be the reason for his lackluster MMA performances, but his ground work is excellent and getting back to the basics could place him among the sport’s elite. Renzo Gracie. A grandson of Carlos, Renzo is 1. MMA matches, with his losses coming from mostly top- tier competition (Dan Henderson, BJ Penn, and Kazushi “The Gracie Hunter” Sakuraba). He has notable wins against legends like Pat Miletich and Carlos Newton, though many of his victories were by decision, which is not a badge of honor for a Gracie . In 2. 00. 7, Renzo led the IFL. Rorion Gracie. Rorion is the oldest son of Helio and is one of the few fighters to hold a ninth- degree black belt in BJJ. With his speed and athleticism, he certainly could have been dominant in competitive fighting, but he realized he could make much more money (at the time) by teaching eager students in BJJ, making videos about it, and choreographing fights for major Hollywood movies like Lethal Weapon. Carlson Gracie. A Grand Master and ninth- degree black belt in BJJ, Carlson had 1. The oldest son of Carlos, Carlson became famous for avenging his uncle Helio’s loss to Valdemar Santana, beating him twice and fighting to a draw two other times. He has trained some of the best fighters in the sport, founded one of the most successful fight teams of all time, and is credited with improving the foundation upon which BJJ was built. Rickson Gracie. Many people would put Rickson at the top of this list just because of the legend that swirls around him. In twenty years, this son of Helio and brother of Rorion compiled a professional record of 1. Vale Tudo Japan tournament two years in a row (1. His stamina allowed him to go on forever, back when matches seemed to actually go on forever, and all his wins were via submission. His website profile proclaims that “He is nearly undefeated with a combined record of over 4. Jiu- Jitsu tournaments and freestyle wrestling, Sambo, and no holds barred challenge matches.” True or not, he’s been a ferocious presence in martial arts for years and will be a fighter to the end — why else would he be itching to fight again in 2. Royce Gracie. Royce Gracie was the first MMA star — the stoic, graceful BJJ expert who introduced his father Helio. When he came onto the scene in 1. UFC 1 (and then the brutal 1. UFC 2), fight fans marveled at how he consistently beat dudes who were bigger and stronger than him by using a relaxed, precise ground technique, and how he seemed to be even more dangerous when he was on his back. Now we’re used to the sight, but back in the day we figured he was using some sort of Brazilian black magic. Not a naturally- skilled athlete or an incredibly imposing figure, Royce is living proof of the merits of BJJ. He’s always been one of the calmest fighters in the cage, as evidenced by his zen expression while refusing to tap out when Matt Hughes was practically breaking his arm off at UFC 6. Royce rebounded from that loss in his next match, when he battled Kazushi ! USA in June 2. 00. If that fight turns out to be his last, it would be the perfect end to an unparalleled career. Carlos Gracie and Helio Gracie (tie)(Carlos Gracie)(Helio Gracie)How do you rank one god over another? Although many dispute which brother was the true originator of Brazilian Jiu- Jitsu, each man was equally responsible for arguably the most effective fighting style ever conceived. Their system could see a fighter giving up 2. Decades later, fighters employing their style are still kicking ass. Their sons and grandsons have gone on to be champions and trainers of champions, rocketing the Gracie brand to a household name in the martial arts and MMA universe. Helio was highly conditioned and once fought for almost four hours straight. Carlos brought a spiritual side to his teachings of BJJ. But both taught that superior technique could overcome all other disadvantages. Though Carlos Gracie passed away 1. Helio remains active at the age of 9.
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